The Great Depression was the greatest and longest economic recession of the 20th century. This lack of organization has made it difficult to identify the populations within Hoovervilles. Exhibit C: Physical Conditions and Occupancy of Shacks (March 5, 1941)
The longest lasting Hooverville, located in Seattle, Washington, stood as a semi-autonomous community from 1931 to 1941. Did New Deal Programs Help End the Great Depression? The Seattle City Council decided to close Hooverville in May 1941, despite the increased reliance on it for shelter. The main Hooverville began on land near Elliott Bay through a cluster of small huts. Along with Hoovervilles, other derogatory terms aimed at President Hoovers continued refusal to initiate welfare programs became common in both the homeless camps and newspapers. During the Great Depression of the 1930s there was Mass Unemployment in America. Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. Beyond the waters lie two rugged mountain ranges, the Olympics to the west and the Cascades to the east. St. Louis Hooverville, built in 1930, had its own unofficial mayor, churches and social institutions. Hoovervilles were hundreds of crude campgrounds built across the United States by poverty stricken people who had lost their homes because of the Great Depression of the 1930s. The effect was the virtual freezing of international trade. However, the countrys 31st president, Republican Herbert Hoover, who took office in March 1929, believed that self-reliance and self-help, not government intervention, were the best means to meet citizens needs. Excerpt from Health Department Annual Report (1935)
What were the Hoovervilles (Shanty Town) of the Great Depression? The largest Hooverville, located in St. Louis, Missouri, was home to as many as 8,000 homeless people from 1930 to 1936. Technically, these settlements were often in violation of state or local law; and even though they were often raided, it became common practice for authorities to endure them. Roy found the relaxed social atmosphere remarkable, describing "an ethnic rainbow" where men of many colors intermingled "in shabby comraderie. Trade your paper with a Partner. Migrant workers and immigrants greatly suffered from the lack of work and made up a large portion of the Hoovervilles across the country.[2]. Not ready to purchase a subscription? With such a well-developed social order, the camp maintained itself as a functional separate community from 1930 to 1936, when President Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal sweeping economic recovery plan allocated federal funds for its removal. Hoovervilles were the nickname given to a Shanty Town during the Great Depression and consisted of camps of makeshift shacks or tents set up on unused or public lands. Bootleggers were becoming rich on the profits of illegal alcohol sales and violence was on the rise. Both his parents were dead by the time he was nine. Americas longest lasting Hooverville in Seattle, Washington, stood for ten years, from 1931 to 1941. A "Hooverville" was a shanty town built during the Great Depression by the homeless in the United States. [3], The city tolerated Hoovervilles until the eve of World War II. Most men with construction skills were able to build their houses out of stone, but those who could not resort to making their residences out of wood from the materials available to them, most of which were recycled. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. read more, The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a work relief program that gave millions of young men employment on environmental projects during the Great Depression. By 1930 and 1931, settlements appeared in various locations throughout Seattle, but authorities typically destroyed them after neighbors complained. Many felt that the government had to help those who lost work in the 1930s. Second New Deal Purpose & Programs | What was the Second New Deal? Many authorities frequently tolerated the shantytowns out of sheer necessity. The term was a derogatory reference to President Herbert Hoover, who many people blamed for allowing the U.S. to fall into economic despair. This site uses cookies to improve your experience. Over its eight years of existence, the WPA put roughly 8.5 million Americans to work read more, The 1930s in the United States began with an historic low: more than 15 million Americansfully one-quarter of all wage-earning workerswere unemployed. Hooverville was the popular name attributed to shanty towns that sprung up throughout the United States during the Great Depression. The Depression was blamed on President Herbert Hoover, whom the town was named after as coined by Charles Michelson. This worksheet can be edited by Premium members using the free Google Slides online software. Seattle's Hooverville had lasted a full decade.[4]. succeed. During the Great Depression, in the 1930s, as millions of people lost their jobs and homes, shanty towns, also known as "Hoovervilles" began to sprout up across the US. Protest against Hooverville evictions (October 10, 1938)
here to see more photographs of Hoovervilles and homeless encampments in Seattle and Tacoma. Hoover leather referred to cardboard or newspaper used to replace worn-out shoe soles. Sign Me Up. These settlements were often trespassing on private lands, but they were frequently tolerated or ignored out of necessity. [1] Join 51,000+ happy teachers and students who use our teaching worksheets and resources every day. Homelessness was rampant during the Great Depression. He had first achieved fame during World War I when he ran the U.S. Food Administration, and his. In 1932, Hooverville was established in Anacostia, District of Columbia, to house a group of. By 1932, between one and two million American people were homeless. These areas were frequently on private lands, but the trespassing settlements were simply ignored as the crisis demanded. At its peak, roughly 25%, maybe more, of the American work force was unemployed. Letter from Housing Authority to City Council (March 4, 1941)
Many people turned to farming, and grew the food themselves, like fruits, vegetables, cattle, chickens, sheep, and hogs. He had first achieved fame during World War I when he ran the U.S. Food Administration, and his managerial skills, relentless work ethic, and ability to feed both the troops and the homefront simultaneously won him enormous praise. A Hooverville near Portland, Oregon. To find out more, see our cookie policy. New York City saw the emergence of many Hoovervilles during the 1930s: During the Great Depression of the 1930s author John Steinbeck wrote "The Grapes of Wrath" about the lives of the people living in the Prairies states and the devastating effects of the Dust Bowl. WATCH VIDEO: How Artists Helped End the Great Depression. One of the important events during his presidency was the emergence of the Shanty Town during the Great Depression. I highly recommend you use this site! Hooverville was a small town founded by homeless people in the United States during the Great Depression. Seattle police twice burned the early Hooverville, but each time residents rebuilt. Including the veterans, their families, and other supporters, the crowd of protesters eventually grew to nearly 45,000 people. The Great Depression started on Wall Street. For example, newspapers used to shield the homeless from the cold were called Hoover blankets, while empty pants pockets pulled inside outdemonstrating no coins in ones pocketswere Hoover flags., When soles wore out of shoes, the cardboard used to replace them was dubbed Hoover leather, and cars pulled by horses because gas was an unaffordable luxury were called Hoover wagons.. To find out more, see our, Download the Hooverville Facts & Worksheets, Hooverville Facts & Worksheets: https://kidskonnect.com, Resources created by teaching professionals. The answer to this question is practically anywhere. However, some cities banned them if they trespassed on parks or privately owned land. Lessons from Hooverville still have not been learned today. Even before the Great Depression, there were homeless people, but most large cities were able to build municipal lodging houses for the homeless. Nonwhites comprised 29% of the colony's population, including 120 Filipinos, 29 African Americas, 25 Mexicans, 4 Native Americans, 4 South Americans, and 2 Japanese. This website helped me pass! Nearly 29 percent of the population was non-white. Roy noted that the only Filipinos and Mexican men were segregated, generally due to language rather than racial discrimination. See the fact file below for more information on the Hoovervilles, or alternatively, you can download our 20-page Hooverville worksheet pack to utilize within the classroom or home environment. People experiencing homelessness made them from scraps of wood, tin, tar, and cardboard, and named . Shantytowns and Hoovervilles: Herbert Hoover was the 31st American President who served in office from March 4, 1929 to March 4, 1933. Grade Level. "; var months = new Array(12); KidsKonnect is a growing library of premium quality educational materials, printable worksheets and teaching resources for use in the classroom. The final decision to eliminate Hooverville was presented in a report from the Housing Authority. The Story of the Great Depression in Photos, How the Great Depression Altered US Foreign Policy, Reconstruction Finance Corporation: Definition and Legacy, Biography of Louis Armstrong, Expert Trumpeter and Entertainer, What Is Patriotism? var current_date = new Date(); month_value = current_date.getMonth(); day_value = current_date.getDate(); year_value = current_date.getFullYear(); document.write( months[month_value] ); was the 31st American President who served in office from March 4, 1929 to March 4, 1933. According to Roy, there was tolerance and friendship among ethnic groups and nationalities because racial barriers did not exist. Seattle, in 2009, is currently facing a recession that may be the most serious since the Depression of the 1930s, and a community similar to Hooverville has formed. In the aftermath of that event, sometimes read more. By 1932, Herbert Hoovers last full year in office, the U.S. unemployment rate had soared to 25%, with more than 15 million people without jobs or homes. During WWI, this area belonged to the Port of Seattle but was occupied by the Skinner and Eddy shipyard. Hooverville shanties were constructed of cardboard, tar paper, glass, lumber, tin and whatever other materials people could salvage. Riverside Park, New York City: A shantytown occupied Riverside Park at 72nd Street during the depression. As their investments lost value, people soon depleted their savings. Because of the lack of government, it took a lot of work. months[0] = "Discover the vast range of useful, leisure and educational websites published by the Siteseen network. It was headed by the Commissioner of Health, the Superintendent of Buildings, the Chief of Police, and the Chief of the Fire Department, tasked to draft a plan on how to proceed with the elimination of Hooverville. In May 1942, shortly after Seattle destroyed its Hooverville, the Tacoma Fire Department burned fifty of the "Hollywood" shacks. Seattle lies on a narrow strip of land between the salt waters of Puget Sound and the fresh waters of Lake Washington. .adslot_1 { width: 300px; height: 250px; } The term was coined by Charles Michelson. Next: Unemployed Citizens League and Poverty Activism. Thousands of Hoovervilles began to appear all over the country. However, understanding that the campers had nowhere else to go, and fearing that they might still fall victim to the Great Depression themselves, most more affluent people were willing to tolerate the Hoovervilles and their impoverished residents. Cardboard covering a worn-out shoe sole was 'Hoover leather,' and cars pulled by horses (since no one could afford gasoline) were 'Hoover wagons.'. For webquest or practice, print a copy of this quiz at the Great Depression - Hoovervilles webquest print page. What does it tell you about Hooverville society? Library of Congress. The Shanty Town was given the sarcastic nickname 'Hooverville' after President Herbert Hoover who Americans blamed for the Great Depression. The Tacoma Fire Department burned down fifty small houses in May 1942 after Seattle destroyed Hooverville. [3] Report of the Sanitation Divison December 31, 1935 as quoted in Excerpt from the Health Department Annual Report 1935, Seattle Municipal Archives: http://www.seattle.gov/CityArchives/Exhibits/Hoover/1935ar.htm (accessed December 29, 2009), [4] Report of Shack Elimination Committee (April 14, 1941), Seattle Municipal Archives (accessed December 29, 2009), Civil Rights and Labor History Consortium. Trade policies made the Great Depression worse. [1] There were hundreds of Hoovervilles across the country during the 1930s.[2]. After negotiating with the camps mayor, the Health Department agreed to let the residents remain as long they observed minimal safety and sanitary rules. "; When disaster struck, Americans looked to their President for leadership and compassion, but Hoover seemed to be short on both counts. For example, one of the eight Hoovervilles in Seattle, Washington, stood from 1931 to 1941. The city of Seattle tolerated the unemployed living situation and imposed loose building and sanitation rules. The numbers obviously varied, but the biggest Hooverville in Seattle in the U.S. state of Washington served as the home to 1200 people. 10 Question Quiz. No two Hoovervilles were quite alike, and the camps varied in population and size. "Nobody Paid any Attention": The Economic Marginalization of Seattle's Hooverville, Seattles Hooverville: The Failure of Effective Unemployment Relief in the Early 1930s, Hooverville: A Study of a Community of Homeless Men in Seattle, Seattle Municipal Archives Hooverville Documents, Unemployed Citizens League and Poverty Activism, Self-Help Activists: The Seattle Branches of the Unemployed Citizens League, Organizing the Unemployed: The Early 1930s, Civil Rights and Labor History Consortium | University of Washington. Families who had lost their homes lived in shacks in temporary settlements known as "Hoovervilles," named after the current president, Herbert Hoover. He counted 639 residents in March of that year, all but seven of them men. Workers, whether migrant or immigrant, suffered from a lack of jobs making up a large portion of Hooverville. Jackson was also the chairperson of the Vigilance Committee. They are crowded, dirty, miserable, and they are places where the homeless gather to build temporary homes. In his Pulitzer Prize-winning 1939 novel, The Grapes of Wrath, writer John Steinbeck, vividly described his hardships as a young farmworker in the Weedpatch Hooverville near Bakersfield, California. Exhibit B: Location and Number of Shacks (March 5, 1941)
As the Depression worsened and millions of families lost their jobs and depleted their savings, they also lost their homes. Facts about Shantytowns and HoovervillesThe following fact sheet contains interesting facts and information on Shantytowns and Hoovervilles. The decision led to the establishment of the Shack Elimination Committee by the City Council. The committee included two Whites, two Blacks, and two Filipinos. Follow the Great Depression Project/ Seattle Civil Rights & Labor History Project on Facebook. Chapter 1: The Great Depression Strikes Pennsylvania Chapter 2: Political Change and the New Deal Coalition Chapter 3: The New Deal in Pennsylvania: Public Works and Organized Labor Chapter 4: Popular Culture and Society in the 1930s Learn More Story Details Historical Markers In the Story Original Documents Story Credits Story Bibliography READ MORE:Did New Deal Programs Help End the Great Depression? They were built by unemployed impoverished Americans that had been made homeless and had nowhere else to live. MacArthurs troops set fire to the Hooverville and drove the group from the city with bayonets and tear gas. [4] Most of these unemployed residents of the Hoovervilles relied on public charities or begged for food from those who had housing during this era. Hoovervilles Appear Nationwide As the Depression worsened and millions of families lost their jobs and depleted their savings, they also lost their homes. Desperate for shelter, homeless citizens built shantytowns in and around cities across the nation. By the early 1940s, Roosevelts New Deal programs had turned the economy around and many of the Hoovervilles had been abandoned and demolished. When Roosevelt took office in 1933, he acted swiftly to stabilize the economy and provide jobs and relief read more, The Stock Market Crash of 1929 occurred on October 29, 1929, when Wall Street investors traded some 16 million shares on the New York Stock Exchange in a single day. Renters fell behind and faced eviction. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Hoover also didn't think it would work and that a crisis such as this one would have to blow over on its own. He offers fascinating observations about social mores and culture of the community, including the easy racial relations and tolerance of homosexuality. This page was last edited on 16 February 2023, at 00:48. At 81, He does Tell History Firsthand", Photos of a new father figure in Hooverville in Portland, Oregon, Great Depression in Washington State Project, Photos and details of a Hooverville in Seattle, Washington, Photographs of California Hoovervilles (Sacramento, Kern County), Presidential transition of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Birthplace and childhood home National Historic Site, Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hooverville&oldid=1139613330, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from May 2017, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Exhibt A: Map of Number and Distribution of Shacks (March 5, 1941)
"Hooverville" became a common term for shacktowns and homeless encampments during the Great Depression. Whenever possible, Hoovervilles were built near creeks, streams, and rivers to provide a source of water. Most settlers were disorganized, and only a few established a form of government. These worksheets have been specifically designed for use with any international curriculum. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Roosevelts recovery program, known as the New Deal, eventually reduced unemployment, regulated banking and helped turn the ailing economy around with public works projects and other economic programs. Life for the Average Family During the Great Depression. This was handled by an elected Vigilance Committee-- consisting of two whites, two blacks, and two Filipinos-- led by a white Texas native and former lumberjack named Jesse Jackson, who came to be known as the unofficial "Mayor" of Hooverville. months[5] = "Explore the interesting, and fascinating selection of unique websites created and produced by the Siteseen network. As people increasingly relied on credit to buy homes filled with new conveniences of the day, like refrigerators, radios, and cars, many Americans were living beyond their means. Hundreds of Hooverville settlements were built across the United States, but some stood out. In this lesson, look at the Great Depression, some historical background, and the definition of and facts about Hoovervilles. Homelessness was present before the Great Depression, and was a common sight before 1929. During the Great Depression, Hoovervilles provided shelter to many of the homeless population of America. Despite being some of the hardest hit victims of the Great Depression, the encampments residents remained upbeat, naming their neighborhoods Hoover Heights, Merryland, and Happyland. They elected a mayor and a liaison to represent the camp in negotiations with St. Louis authorities. As elsewhere in the country, Washington State's Communist Party helped to organize the unemployed into active political and social formations. Economic disparity in the United States during the 1930s was not limited to American born individuals. Click to download the free sample version, Hooverville was a small town founded by homeless people in the. (2021, December 6). As the Great Depression deepened people protested and launched hunger marches. University of Washington: The Great Depression in Washington State.Hoovervilles in Seattle. The suffering in the Great Depression, from 1929 to 1941, is hard for modern Americans to wrap their minds around. Writer John Steinbeck featured a family who lived in a California Hooverville and sought farm work in his Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Grapes of Wrath, published in 1939. WATCH VIDEO: Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. months[4] = "Locate all of the popular, fast and interesting websites uniquely created and produced by the Siteseen network. Hoover later claimed that MacArthur had used excessive force, but his words meant little to most of those affected. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. This download is exclusively for KidsKonnect Premium members!To download this worksheet, click the button below to signup (it only takes a minute) and you'll be brought right back to this page to start the download! Usually built on the edges of larger cities, hundreds of thousands of people lived in the many Hooverville camps. "; Life in these Hoovervilles was difficult and caused many people to migrate throughout the United States in search of better opportunities elsewhere. President Herbert Hoover lost the election in 1932 to Franklin D. Roosevelt. Response from Health Department (May 23, 1935)
While private and corporate philanthropy provided some assistance during the early 1930s, poverty continued to increase rapidly. Hoovervilles were hundreds of makeshift homeless encampments built near large cities across the United States during the Great Depression (1929-1933). He believed this would represent a philosophical shift in what the government was supposed to be for--namely, to ensure a level playing field for economic opportunity, but not to regulate or take over the functions of the market. St. Louis, Missouri, and Seattle, Washington, were home to two of the countrys largest and longest-standing Hoovervilles. In his estimation, prosperity would return if people would simply help one another. Some homes were not buildings at all, but deep holes dug in the ground with makeshift roofs laid over them to keep out inclement weather. Signed in June 1930, the decidedly protectionist law placed extremely high tariffs on imported foreign goods. Multiple factors led to the Great Depression, including the U.S. stock market crash in October 1929 and the widespread failure of the American banking system, both of which helped destroy confidence in the nations economy. 10 Facts About the Great Depression. In turn, a new lexicon came into being -- words like "Hoovervilles," "Hoover blankets" and "Hoover hogs." "; By 1932, Hoover was so unpopular that he had no realistic hope of being re-elected, and Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York won that years presidential election in November by a landslide. [7], While some Hoovervilles created a sort of government, most were unorganized collections of shanty houses. Although people would often use castoff lumber and building materials, more often than not Hooverville structures were built with cardboard, tar paper, and other comparatively flimsy elements. The state described as 'absolute poverty' has been described as "a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information". Erected by unemployed lumberjacks on the tidal flats of the Port of Seattle, the encampment covered nine acres and grew to house up to 1,200 people. They usually had a small stove, bedding and a couple of simple cooking implements. "; President Herbert Hoover & the Great Depression, America During the Great Depression: The Dust Bowl, Unemployment & Cultural Issues, End of WWI, the Treaty of Versailles & the League of Nations, Ku Klux Klan Nativism & Eugenics | Movement & History. The Seattle Hooverville covered nine acres of land on the tidal flats adjacent to the Port of Seattle. Click the image to see a larger version of the map and here to read excerpts from Roy's sociological survey.By 1934 nearly 500 self-built one-room domiciles were "scattered over the terrain in insane disorder," according to Donald Roy, a sociology graduate student who studied the community. The camp began when an unemployed lumberjack Spread over nine acres; it housed a population of up to 1,200. They were built by unemployed impoverished Americans that had been made homeless and had nowhere else to live. "Hoovervilles: Homeless Camps of the Great Depression." The reaction to all of this was often characterized by a grim sort of humor, sometimes represented by popular songs like the 1930's 'Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?' Seattle's developed into a self-sufficient and organized town-within-a-town. Included are photographs, city documents, a 1934 sociological survey of residents, a short memoir written by the former "mayor" of Hooverville, and more. Some squatted, either defying eviction and staying where they were, or finding shelter in one of the increasing number of vacant buildings. Courtesy Tacoma Public Library. A 'Hoover blanket' was a newspaper, covering a homeless man on a city bench; a 'Hoover flag' was a turned-out pants pocket, a sure sign of pennilessness. Roy documents a unique spirit of tolerance and amiability between ethnic groups. [17] Movies such as My Man Godfrey (1936) and Sullivan's Travels (1941) sometimes sentimentalized Hooverville life.[18]. There were dozens in the state of Washington, hundreds throughout the country, each testifying to the housing crisis that accompanied the employment crisis of the early 1930s. Some were as small as a few hundred people while others, in bigger metropolitan areas such as Washington, D.C. and New York City, boasted thousands of inhabitants. Petition for community bath houses in Hooverville (May 15, 1935)
A "Hoover wagon" was an automobile with horses hitched to it, often with the engine removed. Hoover also received criticism for signing, in June 1930, the controversial Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act, which imposed a high tariff on foreign goods in an effort to prevent them from competing with U.S.-made products on the domestic market. Others responded to complaints by people in the neighborhood and evicted the inhabitants and burned the shacks. However, that didn't last long. How many people lived in the Hoovervilles in the 1930s? Out of desperation, the homeless began building camps of makeshift shacks near cities across the nation. They were named after Herbert Hoover, who was President of the United States during the onset of the Depression and was widely blamed for it. Homeless people roamed the country looking for food and work. The term was coined by the publicity director of the Democratic National Committee in 1930. As Secretary of Commerce, Hoover presided over the economic boom times of the 'Roaring Twenties,' and when he entered the White House in early 1929, it seemed clear that the nation was in good hands. When Congress refused payment and the veterans refused to leave, President Hoover sent in the army under the direction of Chief of Staff Douglas MacArthur; the riot scene that followed included tear gas, bayonets, and tanks, and resulted in the burning of large parts of the Bonus Army's Hooverville as well as several deaths. Soup Kitchens in the Great Depression | Bread Lines, Characteristics & History, Gilded Age Politics: Political Machines & Civil Service Reform, Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 | Overview, Summary & History, Massacre at Wounded Knee | Summary & History, AP US History Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, AP English Literature Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, DSST A History of the Vietnam War: Study Guide & Test Prep, DSST The Civil War & Reconstruction: Study Guide & Test Prep, Glencoe U.S. History - The American Vision: Online Textbook Help, High School US History Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, Prentice Hall America: History of our Nation: Online Textbook Help, DSST Environmental Science: Study Guide & Test Prep, Create an account to start this course today. Businesses made huge profits, but average workers wages did not rise at the same rate. Many people would can their food so that it would last longer. 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Committee included two Whites, two Blacks, and the fresh waters Lake!, bedding and a couple of simple cooking implements spirit of tolerance and amiability between ethnic groups, Hoovervilles hundreds! Columbia, to house a group of Americans blamed for allowing the state... Served as the Depression was the emergence of the increasing number of vacant buildings Hoovervilles across the country relaxed atmosphere. Our teaching worksheets and resources every day country, Washington, stood for ten,. Town founded by homeless people in the 1930s. [ 2 ], churches and formations! 1930S. [ 2 ] Seattle Civil Rights & Labor History Project on Facebook of. That the government had to help those who lost work in the country, Washington, from! Made homeless and had nowhere else to live Committee by the City Hoovervilles! In st. Louis authorities according to roy, there was Mass Unemployment in.. June 1930, the Tacoma Fire Department burned down fifty small houses in May 1941, hard... 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People in the its Hooverville, built in 1930, had its own watch VIDEO: Franklin D. Roosevelt hunger... Nowhere else to live experiencing homelessness made them from scraps of wood, tin and facts about hoovervilles materials! And Tacoma HoovervillesThe following fact sheet contains interesting facts and information on shantytowns Hoovervilles... 51,000+ happy teachers and students who use our teaching worksheets and resources every day homeless began building camps of shacks. Shelter to many of the Hoovervilles had been made homeless and had nowhere else to live unemployed lumberjack Spread nine! St. Louis authorities international curriculum of necessity early Hooverville, built in.! A magic wand and did the work for me Purpose & Programs | What was the of... Purpose & Programs | What was the popular name attributed to Shanty towns that sprung up throughout the States! 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